STUN helps discover candidates, but restrictive networks often require TURN relays to guarantee connectivity. Budget for bandwidth, rotate credentials, and prefer regional relays for latency. When relaying kicks in, degrade video first while protecting voice. Clear status indicators reassure users that the system is adapting thoughtfully rather than failing mysteriously.
Peer‑to‑peer mesh shines for pairs but strains as participants grow. An SFU like mediasoup, Janus, or Jitsi routes selectively, enabling simulcast and scalable video coding. Keep controls simple: pin speakers, spotlight screens, and let viewers downshift quality. The right topology preserves clarity and avoids laptop fans roaring during the final problem set.